You are here: Tussock Grasslands MIS Site contents Bibliographies

Allen, R.B. 1987. Report on tussock grassland sites for conservation, Shingle Creek, Old Man Ecological District. Unpublished Botany Division vegetation report.

Allen, R.B. 1983. Vegetation on Powder Hill, East Otago. Unpublished report for Botany Division, D.S.I.R., Dunedin.

Allen, R.B; Basher, L.R; Comrie, J. 1996: The use of fire for conservation management in New Zealand. Science for conservation :23. Department of Conservation.

Allen, R.B.; Lee, W.G. 1989: Seedling establishment microsites of exotic conifers in Chionochloa rigida tussock grassland, Otago, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 27: 491-498.

Allen, R.B.; Lee, W.G. 1990: Vegetation of unoccupied Crown land in the Dingle Burn and Timaru River Catchments, Wanaka Ecological District. Unpublished Report- Botany Division, DSIR, Private Bag, Dunedin.

Allen, R.B; Partridge, T.R. 1988: Effects of spring and autumn fires on the composition of Chionochloa rigida tussock grassland, New Zealand. Vegetatio 76: 37-44.

Allen R.B.; Wilson J.B.; Mason C.R. 1995: Vegetation change following exclusion of grazing animals in depleted grassland, Central Otago, New Zealand. Journal of Vegetation Science 6(5):615-626.

John Aspinall (2001) Issues around use of fire as a land management tool in rural New Zealand. Pp. 237-242 in proceedings: Bushfire 2001. Australasian Bushfire Conference. 3-6 July 2001, Christchurch, New Zealand

Basher, L.R.; Lynn, I.H. 1996: Soil changes associated with cessation of sheep grazing in the Canterbury high country, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 20(2): 179-189.

Basher, L.R.; Meurk, C.D.; Tate, K.R. 1990. The effects of burning on soil properties and vegetation: A review of the scientific evidence relating to the sustainability of ecosystems and land use in the eastern South Island hill and high country. D.S.I.R. Land Resources Technical Record 18. 93p.

Barratt, B.I.P.; Patrick, B.H. 1992. Conservation of the Cromwell Chafer. Proceedings of the New Zealand Entomological Society.

Buchanan, J. 1868. Sketch of the botany of Otago. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute 1 (part III):22-53.

Bulloch, B.T. 1973: A low altitude snow tussock reserve at Black Rock, Eastern Otago. Proceedings of the New Zealand Ecological Society, 20: 41-47.

Bycroft, C.: · Ecology and management of red (copper) tussock grassland in southern New Zealand.
This student paper is hosted by Otago University and is available via this link

Calder, J.W. 1969. Succession in subalpine vegetation at Arthur's Pass, New Zealand. Proceedings of the New Zealand Ecological Society, 16: 36-47.

Calder, J.A.; Wilson, J.B.; Mark, A.F.; Ward, G. 1992: Fire, succession and reserve management in a New Zealand snow tussock grassland. Biological Conservation 62: 35-45.

Cockayne, L. 1919. An economic investigation of the montane tussock grasslands of New Zealand. New Zeland Journal of Agriculture 19: 129-138.

Connor, H.E. 1961. A tall-tussock grassland community in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Science, 4: 825-835.

Connor, H.E. 1965. Tussock grasslands in the middle Rakaia Valley, Canterbury, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 3: 261-276.

Connor, H.E. & Macrae, A.H. 1969. Montane and subalpine tussock grasslands in Canterbury. Chapter 9 In:Knox, G.A. (ed.) The Natural History of Canterbury, pp 167-204. Reed, Wellington.

Connor, H.E. 1965: Tussock grassland in the middle Rakaia valley, Canterbury, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 3: 261-76.

Connor, H.E. 1964: Tussock grassland communities in the Mackenzie country, South Canterbury, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 2: 325-51.

Dunbar, G.A. 1970. Sowing native tussock species in high altitude revegetation trials. Proceedings of the New Zealand Ecological Society, 17: 25-32.

Duncan, R.P.; Colhoun, K.M.; Foran, B.D. 199?. The distribution and abundance of Hieracium species (hawkweeds) in the dry grasslands of Canterbury and Otago.

Duncan, R.; Miller, K. 1994: A 1992/93 Hieracium study in the Roxburgh District, South Island. Landcare Research New Zealand Ltd.

Espie, P.R. 1994: Integrated pastoral management strategies for Hieracium control. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association 56: 243-247.

Espie, P.R. 1995. Tekapo scientific reserve: ecological restoration. AgResearch Contract Report DOC/95/3.

Fan, J; Harris, W. 1996. Effects of soil fertility level and cutting frequency on interference among Hieracium pilosella, H. praealtum, Rumex acetosella, and Festuca novae-zelandiae. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 39(1):1-32.

Fenner, M.; Lee, W.G.; Duncan, S.J. 1993: Chemical features of Chionochloa species in relation to grazing by ruminants in South Island, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 31: 117-125.

Floate, M.J.S.; Cossens, G. 1992. Land resources. In: Floate, M.J.S. (Ed.) Guide to tussock grassland farming. Agresearch Invermay, Mosgiel. pp 23-38.

Floate, M.J.S.; Enright, P.D. 1991. Effects of lime and 5 years' sulphur and phosphorus applications on soil pH, sulphur, and phosphorus status of tussocks grassland soils on East Otago uplands. New Zealand Journal of Agriculture Research, 34: 453-465.

Fogarty, L.G. 1993. Risk assessment and fire management using Geographical Information Systems: the Australian experience. NZ FRI Project Record No. 3641

Fogarty, L.G.; Slijepcevic, A.; Hawke, A.E.; and Pearce, H.G. 1997. Indirect estimation of biomass for carbon determination. Draft report prepared for Landcare Research Ltd.

Forest Research Institute 1989. New Zealands indigenous grasslands. Whats New in Forest Research, ISSN 0110-1048.

Forest Research Institute 1990. The impact of nutrients on fescue tussock grasslands. Whats New in Forest Research, ISSN 0110-1048.

Fraser, K.W. 1985. Biology of the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus L.) in Central Otago, New Zealand, with emphasis on its behaviour and its relevance to poison control operations. PhD thesis, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand. 378pp.

Gibson, R.S.; Bosch, O.J.H.; Hunter, G.G. (In prep). Plant invasion, thresholds and monitoring in New Zealand rangelands.

Gitay, H.; Lee, W.G.; Allen, R.B.; Wilson, J.B. 1992: Recovery of Chionochloa rigida tussocks from fires in South Island, New Zealand. Journal of Environmental Management 35: 249-259.

Gitay, H.; Wilson, B. 1995: Post-fire changes in community structure of tall tussock grassland: a test of alternative models of succession. Journal of Ecology, 83: 775-782.

Gitay, H.; Wilson, J.B.; Lee, W.G., Allen, R.B. 1991: Chionochloa rigida tussocks thirteen years after spring and autumn fire, Flagstaff, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 29: 459-462.

Hewitt, A.E. 1996: Estimating surface erosion using ¹³⁷Cs at a semi arid site in Central Otago, New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 26(1): 107-118.

Hewitt, A.E. 1998. New Zealand soil classification. Landcare Research Science Series No.1. Mannaki Whenua Press 133p.

Hunter, G.G. 1994: Trends in tussock grasslands, South Island high country: eastern Waitaki Steeplands, 1973-1993. Landcare Research Contract Report: LC9495/22.

Hunter, G.G.; Mason, C.R.; Robertson, D.M. (ed.) 1992.Vegetation change in tussock grasslands, with emphasis on hawkweeds. New Zealand Ecological Society Occasional Publication No. 2.

Hunter, G.G.; Scott, D. 1994: Changes in the tussock grasslands in the central Waimakariri River basin, 1980-1993. Landcare Research Contract report: LC9394/22.

Jane, G. 1995. Field guide to grasses. 1. Alpine grasses. Draft.

Jane, G. 1996: Field guide to grasses. 4. Keys to genera and species. Draft.

Jensen, C.; Webster, B.; Carter, D.; Treskonova, M. 1996: Succession in tussock grasslands and its implications for conservation management. Unpublished report prepared for the Department of Conservation: Investigation no. 2170, Key output 6.30. Knight Frank (NZ) Ltd., Land Resources Division.

Johnson, P.N.; Lee, W.G. 1988. Lammerlaw range uplands: botanical report. Unpublished report for Botany Division, D.S.I.R., Dunedin.

Keoghan, J.; Allan, B. 1992. Pasture species for tussock grassland landscapes and farming systems. In: Floate, M.J.S. (Ed.) Guide to tussock grassland farming. Agresearch Invermay, Mosgiel. pp 39-54.

Ledgard, N.J.; Davis, M.R.; and Platt, K. 1987. Reforestation after fire in Canterbury Beech forests. Whats New in Forest Research 149

Lee, W.G. 1981. Tussock (Chionochloa rigida and C. rubra) communities at six sites along an environmental gradient on the Otago uplands.

Lee, W.G.; Fenner, M.; Duncan, R.P. 1993: Pattern of natural regeneration of narrow-leaved snow tussock Chionochloa rigida ssp. rigida in Central Otago, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 31:117-125

Lee, W.G.; Wilson, J.B. Rance, B.D. 1994: Reassessment (1989-1994) of permanent transects to monitor vegetation change and use by deer of Chionochloa pallens grassland in the Murchison and Stuart mountains, Fiordland. Unpublished report for Department of Conservation.

Lee, W.G.; Gitay, H.; Allen, R.B. 1996: Recovery index for narrow-leaved snow tussock (Chionochloa rigida ssp. rigida) in montane and subalpine Otago, New Zealand. Landcare Research Contract Report LC 9596/, prepared for Dept of Conservation, Science and Research Division, PO Box 10420, Wellington.

Lord, J. 1990: The maintenance of Poa cita grassland by grazing. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 13: 43-49.

Macrae, J.C.; O'Connor, K.F. 1970: The nutritive value of New Zealand tall-tussocks (Chionochloa) fed to sheep. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 13: 555-566.

Mark, A.F. 1965: Flowering, seeding, and seedling establishment of narrow-leaved snow tussock, Chionochloa rigida. New Zealand Journal of Botany 3:180-193.

Mark, A.F. 1965: Effects of management practices on narrow-leaved snow tussock, Chionochloa rigida. New Zealand Journal of Botany 3: 300-319.

Mark, A.F. 1965: Vegetation and mountain climate . In: Cental Otago : A symposium to mark the centenary of the golden decade of the 1860's in Central Otago ed. Lister, R.G.; Hargreaves, R.P. New Zealand Geographical Society, 1965.

Mark, A.F. 1980. Cockayne Memorial Lecture, Progress in tussock grasslands research since Cockaynes day. Need Reference

Mark, A.F. 1984: Old Man Range. New Zealands Nature Heritage, Part 19 vol 2: 524-531.

Mark, A.F. 19??. Ecology of snow tussocks in the mountain grasslands of New Zealand:

Mark, A.F. 1989: Responses of indigenous vegetation to contrasting trends in utilization by red deer in two southwestern New Zealand national parks. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 12: 103-114.

Mark, A.F. (1992) Indigenous grasslands of New Zealand. In: Coupland, R.T. and Goodall, D.W. (Eds) Grasslands: Ecosystems of the World. Vol. 8B. Elsevier, Amsterdam pp. 372-410.

Mark, A.F. 1994: Effects of burning and grazing on sustainable utilisation of Upland snow tussock (Chionochloa spp,) rangelands for pastoralism in South Island, New Zealand. Australian Journal of Botany, 42: 149-161.

Mark, A.F. and Adams, N.M. 1996. New Zealand alpine plants. 2nd edition. Reed Methuen.

Mason, R. 1967. Vegetation. In: Motunau Island, Canterbury, New Zealand. An ecological survey. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin 178: 68-109.

Mather, A.S. 1982. The desertification of Central Otago, New Zealand. Environmental Conservation, 9: 209-216.

McGlone, M.S. 1989. The Polynesian settlement of New Zealand in relation to environmental and biotic changes. Supplement to New Zealand journal of Ecology.12: 115-219

McGlone, M.S.; Mark, .F.; Bell, D. 1995. Late Pleistocene and Holocene vegetation history, Central Otago, South Island, New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 25: 1-22.

McIntosh, P.D.; Ogle, G.I.; Patterson, R.G.; Aubrey, B.; Morriss, J.; Giddens K. 1996. Changes of surface soil nutrients and sustainability of pastoralism on grazed hilly and steep land, South Island, New Zealand. Journal of Range Management, 49(4): 361-367.

McKendry, P.J.; O'Connor, K.F. 1990. The ecology of tussock grasslands for production and protection. Unpublished report for the Department of Conservation.

Meurk, C.D. 1982: Alpine phytoecology of the rainshadow mountains of Otago and Southland, New Zealand. Unpublished PhD thesis, Otago University.

Meurk, C.D. 1984: Botanical report on a red tussock grassland on Dunrobin Station (West) - Proposed for a QEII Open Space Covenant. Unpublished report - Botany Division, D.S.I.R, Christchurch.

Meurk, C.D.; Norton, D.A.; Lord, J.M. 1989. The effect of grazing and its removal from grassland reserves in Canterbury. In: Norton, D.A. (ed.) Management of New Zeland's Natural Estate, New Zealand Ecological Society Occasional Publication No. 1. pp 72-75.

Mills, J.A.; Lee, W.G.; Lavers, R.B. 1989: Experimental investigations of the effects of takahe and deer grazing on Chionochloa flavescens grassland, Fiordland, New Zealand. Journal of Applied Ecology, 26, 397-417.

Molloy, B. P. J.; Burrows, C.J.; Cox, J.E.; Johnston, J.A.; Wardle, P. 1963: Distribution of subfossil forest remains eastern South Island, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 1: 68-77.

Molloy, B.P.J. 1971. Possibilities and problems for nature conservation in a closely settled area. Proceedings of the New Zealand Ecological Society 18: 25-37.

Moore, L.B. 1976. The changing vegetation of Molesworth Station, New Zealand, 1944 to 1974. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin 217: 188pp.

Newsome, P.F.J. 1987. The vegetative cover of New Zealand. Water and Soil Miscellaneous Publication No. 112, Ministry of Works and Development, Wellington.

Norbury, D.C. 1996. The effect of rabbits on conservation values in New Zealand. Science for Conservation: 34, Department of Conservation.

Norbury, D.; Norbury, G. 1996. Short-term effects of rabbit grazing on a degraded short-tussock grassland in Central Otago. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 20: 285-288.

Norton, D.A. ____: Scientific basis for the conservation management of New Zealand plant communities . Reference required

O'Connor, K.F. 1963: The effects of cutting and fertiliser on narrow-leaved snow-tussock (Chionochloa rigida (Raoul) Zotov) at high altitude sites in Canterbury, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Agriculture Research 6: 368-375.

O'Connor, K.F. 1982. The implications of past exploitation and current developments to the conservation of South Island tussock grasslands. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 5: 97-107.

O'Connor, K.F.; Duncan, R. 1996. More useful science on hawkweeds: what conventional science has to tell about farmers' Hieracium control strategies: a summary draft. Unpublished report for Semi Arid Lands Research Team, Alexandra. 19p.

Ogle, C.C. 1990. Changes in the vegetation and vascular flora of Motuhora (Whale Island) 1970-1986. Tane, 32: 19-46.

Orr, D.M. 1981. Changes in quantitative floristics in some Astrebla spp. (Mitchell Grass) communities in South-western Queensland in relation to trends in seasonal rainfall. Aust. J. Botany 29: 533-545.

Parliament Commissioner for the Environment 1995. A review of the government system for managing the South Island tussock grasslands: with particular reference to tussock burning. Wellington.

Patterson, G.B. 1984. The effect of burning-off tussock grassland on the population density of common skinks. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 11: 189-194.

Payton, I. 2001: Does fire deplete the physical and biological resources of tall-tussock (Chinochloa) grasslands?

Payton, I.J. and Mark, A.F. 1979: Long-term effects of burning on growth, flowering and carbohydrate reserves in narrow-leaved snow tussock (Chionochloa rigida). New Zealand Journal of Botany, 17: 43-54.

Payton, I.J. and Brasch, D.J. 1978: Growth and nonstructural carbohydrate reserves in Chionochloa rigida and C. macra, and their short-term response to fire. New Zealand Journal of Botany 16: 435-60.

Payton, I.J.; Lee, W.G.; Dolby, R.; Mark, A.F. 1986: Nutrient concentrations in narrow-leaved snow tussock (Chionochloa rigida) after spring burning. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 24: 529-537.

Ian J. Payton & Grant Pearce (2001) Does fire deplete the physical and biological resources of tall-tussock (Chionochloa) grasslands? The latest attempt at some answers . Pp. 243-249 in proceedings: Bushfire 2001. Australasian Bushfire Conference. 3-6 July 2001, Christchurch, New Zealand

Pearce, H.G. 1996. An initial assessment of fire danger in New Zealand's climatic regions. Fire technology transfer note 10 (October 1996)

Rasmussen, J.K.; and Fogarty, L.G. 1997. A case study of grassland fire behaviour and suppression: the Tikokino Fire of 31 January 1991. FRI Bullietn No. 197

Rogers, G.M. 1991. Rates of shrub invasion of North island tussock grasslands. Forest Research Contract Report: FWE 91/33.

Rogers, G.M. 1991. Kaimanawa feral horses and their environmental impacts. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 15(1): 49-64.

Rogers, G.M. 1994. North Island seral tussock grasslands 1. Origins and land-use history. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 32: 271-286.

Rogers, G.M.; Leathwick, J.R. 1994. North Island seral tussock grasslands 2. Autogenic succession: change of tussock grassland to shrubland. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 32: 287-303.

Rose, A.B. 1983: Succession in fescue (Festuca novae-zelandiae) grasslands of the Harper-Avoca catchment, Canterbury, New Zealand. FRI Bulletin No. 16, New Zealand Forest Service.

Rose, A.B.; Platt, K. 1988: Montane and alpine grassland community ecology : recovery of Northern Fiordland alpine grasslands after reduction in the deer population. Prepared for: Director, Science and Research, Conservation Sciences Centre, Department of Conservation.

Rose, A.B. 1992. A general Model of past and likely future vegetation changes in grazed and retired tussock grasslands of the Harper-Avoca catchment, 700-1400 m altitude, 1200-1500 mm annual rainfall. In: Hunter, G.G.; Mason, C.R.; Robertson, D.M. (Eds). Vegetation change in tussock grasslands, with emphasis on hawkweeds. New Zealand Ecological Society Occasional Publication No. 2. p. 18.

Rose, A.B. 1992. Management and research options for minimising the impact of hawkweeds on South Island tussock grassland conservation values. Forest Research Institue Contract Report FWE 92/5. 23pp.

Rose, A.B. 1996. The effects of different management practices on the spread of hawkweeds (Hieracium) in Marlborough. In: Marlborough Research Centre Annual Report 1995-1996. pp. 24-26.

Rose, A.B. 1996. Vegetation change and Hieracium invasion in the Wairau tussock grasslands since 1959. In: Marlborough Research Centre Annual Report 1995-1996. pp. 27-28.

Rose, A.B.; Basher, L.R.; Wiser, S.K.; Platt, K.H.; Lynn, I.H. (In prep): Factors predisposing short-tussock grasslands to Hieracium invasion in Marlborough, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Ecology.

Rose, A.B.; Frampton, C.M. (in prep): Effects of tussock grassland structure and microsite characteristics on seedling establishment of four species of Hieracium.

Rose, A.B.; Platt, K.H.; Frampton, C.M. 1995: Vegetation change over 25 years in a New Zealand short-tussock grassland: effects of sheep grazing and exotic invasions. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 19(2): 163-174.

Rose, A, & Platt, K.H. 1987: Recovery of Northern Fiordland alpine grassland after reduction in the deer population. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 10: 23-33.

Rose, A.B.; Platt, K.H. 1992: Snow tussock (Chionochloa) population responses to removal of sheep and European hares, Canterbury, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 30: 373-382.

Scott, D. 1979: Use and conservation of New Zealand native grasslands in 2079*. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 2: 71-75

Scott, D.; Dick, R.D.; Hunter, G.G. 1988: Changes in the tussock grasslands in the central Waimakariri River basin, Canterbury, New Zealand, 1947-1981. New Zealand Journal of Botany 26: 197-222.

Scott, D.; Robertson, J.S.; Archie, W.J. 1990. Plant dynamics of New Zealand tussock grassland infested with Hieracium pilosella is. Effects of seasonal grazing, fertiliser and overdrilling. Journal of Applied Ecology, 27: 224-234.

Syrett, P, Smith, L. & Grosskopf, G. Predicting contributions of a plume moth and gall wasp to biological control of hawkweeds in New Zealand - a slide show presentation available on-line at http://www.agric.wa.gov.au:7000/ento/acgie/syrett/index.htm

Treskonova, M. 1991: Changes in the structure of tall tussock grasslands and infestation by species of Hieracium in the Mackenzie Country, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 15: 65-78.

Walker, S. 1994. The vegetation of Flat Top Hill, Central Otago, New Zealand. Unpublished thesis, Botany Department, University of Otago.

Walker, S.; Mark, A.F.; Wilson, J.B. 1995. The vegetation of Flat Top Hill: An area of semi-arid grassland/shrubland in Central Otago, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 19(2): 175-194.

Whitehouse, I. 1988: Erosion measurements and Hazard Assessment. In: Craig, B. (ed.) Proceedings of a symposium on environmental monitoring in New Zealand, with emphasis on protected natural areas. Department of Conservation, New Zealand.

Wilson, H.D. 1996. Wild plants of Mount Cook National Park. Manuka Press, Christchurch.

Wardle, P. 1954. Botanical survey of the Nevis catchment. Unpublished report for the Otago Catchment Board.

Wardle, P. 1963: Evolution and distribution of the New Zealadn flora, as affected by quaternary climates. New Zealand journal of Botany 1:3-17.

Wardle, P.1985. Environmental influences on the vegetation of New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 23: 773-788.

Wardle, P. 1991. Vegetation of New Zealand.Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

White, E.G. 1991. The changing abundance of moths in a tussock grassland, 1962-1989, and 50- to 70- year trends. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 15(1): 5-22.

Wilkinson, E.L.; Dann, G.M.; Smith, G.J.S. 1979. Thyme in Central Otago. Tussock Grasslands and Mountain Lands Institue Special Publication No. 14, Lincoln College, Lincoln. 30pp.

Wraight, M.J. 1963: The alpine and upper montane grasslands of the Wairau River Catchment, Marlborough. New Zealand Journal of Botany 1: 351-76

Zotov, V.D. 1938. Survey of the tussock grasslands of the South Island. New Zealand Jorunal of Science and Technology 20 (A): 212-244.